A work at the University of Berlin
Mechanically activated for leaching copper sulfide ore began to take some professors at the University of Berlin, Germany. In the 1970s, they found that not only increase the surface area of ultrafine grinding of minerals, but also undermine the structure of the part of the minerals. This is reflected in the absorption peak of the X -ray diffraction of the mineral, and the peak height is lowered and the peak width is increased. Therefore, it is recommended to use the peak height of the main absorption peak to measure the degree of fine grinding, that is, the high I 0 of the main peak of the mineral X -ray diffraction spectrum before fine grinding is the denominator, after fine grinding
I
The peak height I is the ratio of the molecules - as a measure of fineness. Generally it should be at least 0.8 , preferably less than 0.7 .
I 0
They use an oscillating mill, a vibratory mill or a vertical ball mill with augmentation to enhance the grinding process. Particles may be finely ground to 3 μ m. For example, a concentrate component is: Cu 27.0% , Fe 31.2% , S 35.6% , ground to I/I 0 = 0.5 , sulfuric acid added to H 2 SO 4 /CU ( mol ) = 1.2/1 , 100 °C 2, under the total pressure of 5MPa , leaching for 1h , copper leaching rate of 96.5% , leaching 2h reached 98.5% .
University of Berlin and Lurgi (Lurgi) and Schmitt Fort (Mitterberg) mines, to develop a Lurgi - Fort Schmitt process, for a year
A large number of intermediate factory tests, the scale of 1t electrolytic copper per day. For Lurgi - Fort Schmidt process plant construction investment estimates suggest an annual output of 10 000 t of copper cathode small-scale factories, fine grinding power consumption as 1100 ~ 1200kW · h / t copper cathode. In addition to the difficulties of leaching slag discharge, Lurgi believes that the wet treatment of the Mitterberg mine is not economical.
A little later than the University of Berlin, International Nickel and the University of Jude in the United States have also published research on fine grinding, which is different from the results of the University of Berlin. They believe that whether the vibration mill or the ordinary ball mill increases the specific surface of the particles , it also has the function of destroying the structure; the so-called " structural damage " is actually the tension generated by the crystal lattice. A part of the ore powder having a lattice tension is annealed to eliminate the tension. It was found that the tension and tension-free chalcopyrite powder leaching behavior is the same, and the leaching rate is proportional to the specific surface.
Later, some studies suggested that the new surface produced by ore fine grinding has strong activity, which increases the role of the primary battery and thus increases the leaching speed.
The research on early superfine grinding was intermittent and the progress made was small. Not until the 1990s, the advent of high speed low linear vertical axis and a horizontal stirred mill type agitator mill large fine grinding machines, can be a large number of finely ground ore to 80% to 5 ~ 10 μ m, while consuming only For a fraction of a minute to a tenth of a vibrating mill, this has ignited a research boom [1] .
B Akti Fox Process
The early 1990s, Duomingniweng (Dominion) mining company successfully developed Ake ladder Fox (ACTIVOX) process, and later by Western Minerals Technologies Inc. (Western Minerals Technology. Pty Ltd) to market, ACTIVOX is a registered trademark [ 2] .
According to an earlier patent Duomingniweng company, chalcopyrite (29% copper, 32% iron, 32% sulfur) fine grinding to achieve 100% 15 μ m (P 80 = 5 μ m), below 120 ° C And the oxygen leaching rate of 1 MPa , the copper leaching rate is greater than 90% . Oxygen consumption is per kilogram of copper 0.99kg . However, it is said that if it is divided into three sections of leaching and finely ground again in each section, the oxygen consumption can be greatly reduced. For concentrates containing lower pyrite, the ratio of sulfur to elemental sulfur in the ore is about 60% to 70% , similar to medium temperature leaching. The energy consumption of fine grinding ore is 40 kW·h/t . This is less than one tenth of the energy consumption of the vibration mill mentioned earlier. The overall ultra-fine grinding production costs, including electricity, grinding media and wear-resistant components, are reduced to less than $ 22 per ton of electrolytic copper.
It is estimated that annual output of 50,000 t of electrolytic copper production plant to 25% copper, 33% of the sulfur concentrate as raw material, if the plant was built in North America, invested tons of annual production capacity of copper was $ 1600. If the electricity price is 4 cents / ( kW · h ), the production cost is 374 US dollars per ton of electrolytic copper.
references:
1.Liddell KS , Hall SJ , Annual Meeting of CIM , Montreal , 3~7 , May , 1998
2.Evans HA , Proc.Randol Copper Hydromeatallurgy Roundttable'99 , Phoenix , Oct.1999 , 93~95

REGULATORS WILL ENSURE THAT EXISTING ALTERNATORS WORKS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE 3-STEP CHARGE TECHNOLOGY INSTEAD OF ITS STANDARD 1-STEP METHOD, AND THAT THE BATTERIES ARE CHARGED FASTER WITHIN A SHORTER PERIOD.
ZOWO PARTS  HAVE ALL THE REGULATORS AVAILABLE FOR THE BEST PERFORMANCE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS AQUALINE MARINE REGULATORS OR STANDARD POWERLINE REGULATORS.
PLEASE CONTACT US IF FURTHER ASSISTANCE IS NECESSARY IN SELECTING THE BEST PERFORMING REGULATORS THAT WILL FIT YOUR NEEDS, WE WILL GLADLY GUIDE YOU.
ONLINE SHOPPING FOR VOLTAGE REGULATORS - ALTERNATORS & GENERATORS FROM A GREAT SELECTION AT ZOWOPARTS

Alternator Regulator

Alternator Regulator,Alternator Voltage Regulator,Voltage Regulator Alternator,Bosch Alternator Regulator

Ningbo zhongwang auto fittings co.,ltd , https://www.zowoparts.com

Posted on